The pineal gland is a brain structure capable of transducing environmental lighting conditions into an endogenous hormonal signal by synthesizing and releasing melatonin. ![]() Other studies have described diurnal and circadian variations in dopamine levels, 13, 14 dopamine transporters (DAT), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), 15 and dopamine clearance (DC) 16 in the caudate, nucleus accumbens (NAcc), and prefrontal cortex (PFC) in rats. 10, 11 In addition, cocaine self-administration has been found to vary with time of day. Other authors have reported that reinstatement of cocaine-induced place preference increases during the day. 6 demonstrated that cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization varies according to the day/night cycle. Studies in animals have shown that the time of day regulates the reinforcing effects of psychostimulants such as cocaine 6, 7 and nicotine, 8 and even of opioids such as morphine. 2- 4 Other studies have found that chronic cocaine abusers show seasonal patterns of craving and substance abuse. 1 Several studies in humans have reported that SUD is associated with disruptions in multiple behavioral and physiological circadian rhythms, including sleep, eating patterns, corticosterone, glucose, and endocrine fluctuations. ![]() SUD is characterized by a high propensity for relapse. Substance use disorders (SUD) constitute an important public health problem worldwide, affecting a great number of individuals.
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